GNU Guix 函数式包管理教程 / 第十章 Guix Home
第十章：Guix Home
10.1 Guix Home 概述
Guix Home 是 Guix 的用户环境管理器，它将声明式配置的理念从系统级别延伸到用户级别。通过 Guix Home，你可以声明式管理：
- 用户安装的软件包
- Shell 配置（Bash、Zsh）
- Dotfiles（配置文件）
- 用户级服务（GPG Agent、SSH Agent 等）
- 桌面环境配置
Guix System → 系统级声明式管理
Guix Home → 用户级声明式管理
两者结合 → 完全声明式的计算环境
10.1.1 传统 Dotfiles 管理的困境
| 问题 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| 分散 | .bashrc、.vimrc、.gitconfig 等分布在各处 |
| 不可重现 | 手动复制配置难以保证一致 |
| 难以回滚 | 修改出错后需要手动恢复 |
| 跨机器同步 | 需要自己编写同步脚本 |
| 依赖管理 | 配置文件依赖的工具未声明 |
10.1.2 Guix Home 的解决方案
;; ~/.config/guix/home-configuration.scm
(home-environment
(packages (list vim git htop)) ; 声明安装的包
(services (list ; 声明配置的服务
(service home-bash-service-type ...)
(service home-gpg-agent-service-type ...))))
10.2 基本配置
10.2.1 创建初始配置
# 方法一：手动创建
mkdir -p ~/.config/guix
# 方法二：导入现有 dotfiles
guix home import ~/.config/guix/home-configuration.scm
10.2.2 最小配置示例
;; ~/.config/guix/home-configuration.scm
(use-modules (gnu home)
(gnu packages)
(gnu services)
(gnu home services)
(gnu home services shells))
(home-environment
;; 用户级软件包
(packages (specifications->packages
'("git"
"vim"
"htop"
"tree"
"curl"
"openssh"
"rsync")))
;; 用户服务
(services
(list
;; Bash 配置
(service home-bash-service-type
(home-bash-configuration
(aliases
'(("ll" . "ls -alh --color=auto")
("la" . "ls -A --color=auto")
("l" . "ls -CF")
("gs" . "git status")
("gd" . "git diff")
("gl" . "git log --oneline --graph")
("gp" . "git push")
("gpl" . "git pull")))
(environment-variables
'(("EDITOR" . "vim")
("VISUAL" . "vim")
("LANG" . "zh_CN.UTF-8")
("LC_ALL" . "zh_CN.UTF-8")
("PAGER" . "less")
("LESS" . "-R")))
(bashrc
(list (plain-file "custom-bashrc" "
# 自定义 Bash 配置
HISTSIZE=10000
HISTFILESIZE=20000
HISTCONTROL=ignoredups:erasedups
# 彩色提示符
PS1='\\[\\033[01;32m\\]\\u@\\h\\[\\033[00m\\]:\\[\\033[01;34m\\]\\w\\[\\033[00m\\]\\$ '
# 自定义函数
mkcd() { mkdir -p \"$1\" && cd \"$1\"; }
")))
(bash-profile
(list (plain-file "custom-profile" "
# 登录时执行
if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then
source ~/.bashrc
fi
")))))))
10.2.3 部署配置
# 应用 Guix Home 配置
guix home reconfigure ~/.config/guix/home-configuration.scm
# 查看当前 generation
guix home generations
# 回滚
guix home roll-back
10.3 Shell 配置
10.3.1 Bash 配置
(service home-bash-service-type
(home-bash-configuration
;; 别名
(aliases
'(("ll" . "ls -alh")
("update" . "guix pull && guix upgrade")))
;; 环境变量
(environment-variables
'(("EDITOR" . "vim")))
;; bashrc 片段
(bashrc
(list
(plain-file "aliases" "
# 更多别名
alias grep='grep --color=auto'
alias df='df -h'
alias du='du -h'
")))
;; bash_profile 片段
(bash-profile
(list
(plain-file "profile" "
# 本地 bin 目录
export PATH=\"$HOME/.local/bin:$PATH\"
")))
;; login 片段
(bash-login
(list
(plain-file "login" "
# SSH Agent
eval $(ssh-agent -s)
")))))
10.3.2 Zsh 配置
(use-modules (gnu home services shells))
(service home-zsh-service-type
(home-zsh-configuration
;; Zsh 别名
(aliases
'(("ll" . "ls -alh")
("gs" . "git status")))
;; 环境变量
(environment-variables
'(("EDITOR" . "vim")
("ZSH_THEME" . "robbyrussell")))
;; zshrc 片段
(zshrc
(list
(plain-file "zshrc" "
# 插件
source ~/.zsh/zsh-autosuggestions/zsh-autosuggestions.zsh
source ~/.zsh/zsh-syntax-highlighting/zsh-syntax-highlighting.zsh
# 历史设置
HISTSIZE=10000
SAVEHIST=10000
HISTFILE=~/.zsh_history
setopt SHARE_HISTORY
setopt HIST_IGNORE_DUPS
")))))
10.3.3 Fish 配置
(service home-fish-service-type
(home-fish-configuration
(aliases
'(("ll" . "ls -alh")
("gs" . "git status")))
(environment-variables
'(("EDITOR" . "vim")))
(config
(list
(plain-file "config.fish "
# Fish 配置
set -g fish_greeting ''
set -g theme_display_git yes
")))))
10.4 Git 配置
10.4.1 声明式 Git 配置
(use-modules (gnu home services version-control))
(service home-git-service-type
(home-git-configuration
(config
`((user
((name . "Your Name")
(email . "[email protected]")))
(core
((editor . "vim")
(autocrlf . "input")
(pager . "less -R")))
(color
((ui . "auto")))
(alias
((st . "status")
(ci . "commit")
(co . "checkout")
(br . "branch")
(lg . "log --oneline --graph --decorate --all")))
(pull
((rebase . "true")))
(push
((default . "current")))
(diff
((algorithm . "histogram")
(colorMoved . "default")))
(merge
((conflictstyle . "diff3")))
(init
((defaultBranch . "main")))))))
10.4.2 多身份 Git 配置
(service home-git-service-type
(home-git-configuration
(config
`((user
((name . "Your Name")
(email . "[email protected]")))
;; 条件包含需要通过 extra-config 实现
))
;; 全局 gitignore
(ignore
'("*~"
"*.swp"
".DS_Store"
"node_modules/"
"__pycache__/"
"*.pyc"
".env"
".direnv/"))))
10.5 GPG 和 SSH Agent
10.5.1 GPG Agent 配置
(use-modules (gnu home services gnupg))
(service home-gpg-agent-service-type
(home-gpg-agent-configuration
;; Pinentry 程序
(pinentry-program
(file-append pinentry-qt "/bin/pinentry-qt"))
;; SSH 支持（通过 GPG Agent 管理 SSH 密钥）
(ssh-support? #t)
;; 缓存时间
(default-cache-ttl 3600) ; 1 小时
(max-cache-ttl 86400) ; 24 小时
(default-cache-ttl-ssh 3600)
(max-cache-ttl-ssh 86400)
;; 额外配置
(extra-content "
# 允许循环输入密码
allow-loopback-pinentry
allow-emacs-pinentry
")))
10.5.2 SSH Agent 配置
(use-modules (gnu home services ssh))
(service home-ssh-agent-service-type
(home-ssh-agent-configuration
(extra-content "AddKeysToAgent yes")))
;; SSH 配置
(service home-ssh-service-type
(home-ssh-configuration
(hosts
(list
(ssh-host
(host "github.com")
(options '((hostname . "github.com")
(user . "git")
(identity-file . "~/.ssh/id_ed25519"))))
(ssh-host
(host "server")
(options '((hostname . "192.168.1.100")
(user . "deploy")
(port . "2222")
(identity-file . "~/.ssh/id_ed25519_server"))))))))
10.6 用户级 Shepherd 服务
10.6.1 定义用户服务
(use-modules (gnu home services shepherd))
(service home-shepherd-service-type
(home-shepherd-configuration
(services
(list
;; 定时同步文件
(shepherd-service
(provision '(file-sync))
(requirement '(user-processes))
(one-shot? #t)
(start #~(lambda ()
(system* #$(file-append rsync "/bin/rsync")
"-avz" "--delete"
(string-append (getenv "HOME") "/documents/")
"backup-server:/backups/documents/")
#t))
(documentation "Sync documents to backup server."))
;; 定时运行的垃圾回收提醒
(shepherd-service
(provision '(gc-reminder))
(requirement '(user-processes))
(one-shot? #t)
(start #~(lambda ()
(let ((dead (car (scandir "/gnu/store" (lambda (f) #t)))))
(format #t "~%Run 'guix gc' to free disk space.~%"))
#t))
(documentation "Remind user to run garbage collection."))
;; 后台文件监控服务
(shepherd-service
(provision '(file-watcher))
(requirement '(user-processes))
(one-shot? #f)
(start #~(make-forkexec-constructor
(list #$(file-append inotify-tools "/bin/inotifywait")
"-m" "-r"
(string-append (getenv "HOME") "/watched-dir"))))
(stop #~(make-kill-destructor))
(documentation "Watch directory for changes."))))))
10.6.2 管理用户服务
# 查看用户服务状态
herd status
# 启动特定服务
herd start file-sync
# 停止服务
herd stop file-watcher
# 查看服务日志
herd log file-sync
10.7 桌面环境配置
10.7.1 声明式桌面配置
(use-modules (gnu home services desktop))
(service home-dbus-service-type)
(service home-pipewire-service-type
(home-pipewire-configuration
(enable-pulseaudio? #t)))
(service home-redshift-service-type
(home-redshift-configuration
(location-provider 'geoclue)
(night-color-temperature 3500)))
10.7.2 Sway/Wayland 配置
(service home-sway-service-type
(home-sway-configuration
(config
`((mod . "Mod4")
(terminal . "alacritty")
(menu . "wofi --show drun")
(bars
((command . "waybar")))
(input
((type:keyboard
((xkb_layout . "cn")))))
(output
(("*"
((bg . "~/wallpaper.jpg fill")))))))))
10.8 Manifest 与 Profile 管理
10.8.1 分组管理包
;; 定义不同用途的包组
(define %dev-packages
(specifications->packages
'("gcc-toolchain" "cmake" "gdb" "valgrind"
"strace" "lldb")))
(define %python-packages
(specifications->packages
'("python" "python-pip" "python-virtualenv"
"python-numpy" "python-pandas")))
(define %tools-packages
(specifications->packages
'("ripgrep" "fd" "bat" "exa" "fzf"
"tmux" "jq" "yq")))
(home-environment
(packages (append
%dev-packages
%python-packages
%tools-packages
(specifications->packages
'("vim" "git" "htop" "curl"))))
;; ...)
10.9 跨机器同步
10.9.1 Git 管理的配置仓库
# 创建配置仓库
mkdir -p ~/src/dotfiles
cd ~/src/dotfiles
git init
# 将 Guix Home 配置放入仓库
cp ~/.config/guix/home-configuration.scm .
# 提交
git add home-configuration.scm
git commit -m "Initial Guix Home configuration"
# 推送到远程
git remote add origin [email protected]:user/dotfiles.git
git push -u origin main
10.9.2 在新机器上部署
# 克隆配置仓库
git clone [email protected]:user/dotfiles.git ~/src/dotfiles
# 应用配置
guix home reconfigure ~/src/dotfiles/home-configuration.scm
# 完成！所有包、配置、服务都已就绪
10.9.3 多机器配置管理
;; 根据主机名选择不同配置
(define %hostname
(gethostname))
(define %base-packages
(specifications->packages
'("vim" "git" "htop" "curl" "openssh")))
(define %work-packages
(specifications->packages
'("slack" "zoom" "firefox")))
(define %home-packages
(specifications->packages
'("mpv" "gimp" "blender")))
(home-environment
(packages (append
%base-packages
(cond
((string=? %hostname "work-laptop")
%work-packages)
((string=? %hostname "home-pc")
%home-packages)
(else '()))))
;; ...)
10.10 Guix Home 迁移指南
10.10.1 从现有 Dotfiles 迁移
步骤 1：盘点现有配置
# 列出家目录下的 dotfiles
ls -la ~/.*rc ~/.*profile ~/.*config
find ~ -maxdepth 2 -name ".*" -type f | head -50
步骤 2：分类整理
| 类别 | 文件 | Guix Home 对应 |
|---|---|---|
| Shell | .bashrc, .bash_profile | home-bash-service-type |
| Git | .gitconfig | home-git-service-type |
| GPG | .gnupg/gpg-agent.conf | home-gpg-agent-service-type |
| SSH | .ssh/config | home-ssh-service-type |
| 编辑器 | .vimrc, .emacs | 通过 packages 安装 |
| 终端 | .tmux.conf | 通过 packages + snippet |
步骤 3：逐步迁移
;; 先迁移简单的配置
(home-environment
(packages (list vim git htop))
(services
(list
(service home-bash-service-type
(home-bash-configuration
;; 从 .bashrc 迁移配置
(bashrc (list (local-file "old-bashrc"))))))))
10.11 Guix Home 命令速查表
| 操作 | 命令 |
|---|---|
| 应用配置 | guix home reconfigure config.scm |
| 查看历史 | guix home generations |
| 回滚 | guix home roll-back |
| 切换版本 | guix home switch-generation N |
| 删除旧版本 | guix home delete-generations |
| 导入配置 | guix home import config.scm |
| 构建（不应用） | guix home build config.scm |
10.12 总结
本章讲解了 Guix Home 的用户环境管理：
- 核心概念——声明式用户环境管理
- Shell 配置——Bash、Zsh、Fish 的声明式配置
- Git 配置——版本控制的声明式管理
- 安全工具——GPG 和 SSH Agent 配置
- 用户服务——用户级 Shepherd 服务
- 跨机器同步——通过 Git 管理配置
- 迁移指南——从传统 dotfiles 迁移到 Guix Home
下一章我们将学习 Docker 集成。