# Ubuntu 通常预装 Python 3，检查版本
$ python3 --version

# 安装 Python 3.12
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install python3.12 python3.12-venv python3.12-dev

# 安装 pip
$ sudo apt install python3-pip

# 使用 Homebrew（推荐）
$ brew install [email protected]

# macOS 自带的 Python 2 已移除，注意区分
$ python3 --version

> python --version
> pip --version

# 检查 Python 和 pip 版本
$ python3 --version
Python 3.12.4

$ pip3 --version
pip 24.0 from /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pip (python 3.12)

# 检查 Python 路径
$ which python3
/usr/bin/python3

# macOS
$ brew install pyenv

# Linux（使用官方安装脚本）
$ curl https://pyenv.run | bash

# ~/.bashrc 或 ~/.zshrc
export PYENV_ROOT="$HOME/.pyenv"
export PATH="$PYENV_ROOT/bin:$PATH"
eval "$(pyenv init -)"
eval "$(pyenv virtualenv-init -)"

# 安装 Python 3.12
$ pyenv install 3.12.4

# 设置全局版本
$ pyenv global 3.12.4

# 验证
$ python --version
Python 3.12.4

# 安装包
$ pip install requests

# 安装指定版本
$ pip install requests==2.31.0

# 升级包
$ pip install --upgrade requests

# 卸载包
$ pip uninstall requests

# 查看已安装的包
$ pip list

# 查看包信息
$ pip show requests

# 导出依赖
$ pip freeze > requirements.txt

# 从文件安装依赖
$ pip install -r requirements.txt

$ pip install requests -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple

# Linux/macOS: ~/.pip/pip.conf
# Windows: %APPDATA%\pip\pip.ini

[global]
index-url = https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
trusted-host = pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn

# 创建虚拟环境
$ python3 -m venv .venv

# 激活（Linux/macOS）
$ source .venv/bin/activate

# 激活（Windows）
> .venv\Scripts\activate

# 确认使用的是虚拟环境中的 Python
(.venv) $ which python
/home/user/project/.venv/bin/python

# 退出虚拟环境
(.venv) $ deactivate

# 安装
$ pip install virtualenv

# 创建（比 venv 更快，支持更多特性）
$ virtualenv .venv

# 指定 Python 版本
$ virtualenv .venv --python=python3.12

# 安装 Poetry
$ curl -sSL https://install.python-poetry.org | python3 -

# 创建新项目
$ poetry new myproject

# 在已有项目中初始化
$ poetry init

# 安装依赖
$ poetry add requests
$ poetry add --group dev pytest

# 运行命令
$ poetry run python main.py
$ poetry run pytest

# 激活虚拟环境
$ poetry shell

# 安装 uv（比 pip 快 10–100 倍）
$ curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | sh

# 创建虚拟环境
$ uv venv

# 安装包
$ uv pip install requests

# 从 requirements.txt 安装
$ uv pip install -r requirements.txt

{
    "python.defaultInterpreterPath": "${workspaceFolder}/.venv/bin/python",
    "python.terminal.activateEnvironment": true,
    "[python]": {
        "editor.formatOnSave": true,
        "editor.defaultFormatter": "charliermarsh.ruff",
        "editor.codeActionsOnSave": {
            "source.fixAll.ruff": "explicit",
            "source.organizeImports.ruff": "explicit"
        }
    },
    "python.analysis.typeCheckingMode": "basic"
}

[project]
name = "myproject"
version = "0.1.0"
description = "My Python project"
requires-python = ">=3.11"
dependencies = [
    "requests>=2.31.0",
    "pydantic>=2.0",
]

[project.optional-dependencies]
dev = [
    "pytest>=8.0",
    "ruff>=0.4",
    "mypy>=1.10",
]

[tool.ruff]
line-length = 88
target-version = "py311"

[tool.ruff.lint]
select = ["E", "F", "I", "N", "UP", "B"]

[tool.mypy]
python_version = "3.11"
strict = true

.PHONY: install test lint format run

install:
	pip install -e ".[dev]"

test:
	pytest tests/ -v

lint:
	ruff check src/ tests/

format:
	ruff format src/ tests/

run:
	python -m myproject.main